Concurrent Sessions​​​​​​​​

​Subject to Change

Sessions are listed under three Stream categories:
Stream I: Symbiosis and Microbiome
Stream II: Microbes
Stream III: Host

Stream I: Symbiosis and Microbiome

Concurrent Session 1: Symbiosis & Mutualism I

Co-chair: Mike Sadowsky, University of Minnesota, USA
Co-chair: Jens Stougaard, Aarhus University, Denmark

  • ​​Receptor mediated recognition controls rhizobial infection of legumes.  J. STOUGAARD, Aarhus University, Denmark.​​​
  • Karrikin signaling in arbuscular mycorrhiza development. C. GUTJAHR, Ludwig Maximilian Universrity, Germany
  • Identification of genes involved in the Burkholderia tuberum nodulating symbiosis​. M. LUM, Ludwig Maximilian Universrity, Germany
  • A novel interactor of symbiotic RLKs is involved in nodulation in Lotus japonicus. A. YAMAKAZI, Riken Institute, Japan
  • Medicago truncatula MtLAX2, an orthologue of the AtAUX1 auxin influx transporter, mediates auxin control of nodulation. S. ROY, Noble Foundation, USA
  • Use of Crispr/Cas genome editing demonstrates a critical role for uricase and xanthine dehydrogenase in soybean nitrogen fixation and nodule development. C. NGUYEN, University of Missouri, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 4: Molecular Ecology of Host-Microbe Interactions

​Co-chair: Dmitri Mavrodi, University of Southern Mississippi, U.S.A.
Co-chair: Choong-Min Ryu, Korean Res Inst Biosci Biotech, Korea

  • Phenazine-mediated community morphogenesis in the model biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79. D. MAVRODI, University of Southern Mississippi, U.S.A.
  • An air battle between good and bad bacteria: Airborne attenuation of Pectobacterium carotovorum virulence.​ C. RYU, Korean Res Inst Biosci Biotech, Korea
  • Indole Antibiotic Biosynthesis in Edible Plants: From Genomes to Bioactive Molecules. A. KLEIN, Stanford University, U.S.A.
  • Mutations conferring bacteriocin resistance in Pseudomonas syringae reduce virulence toward host plants. K. HOCKETT, University of Arizona, U.S.A.
  • A combination of comparative genomics and LAESI-MS facilitates the discovery of amino acid analogs produced by plant-associated bacteria. R. OKRENT, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 7: Commonalities Between Mutualists and Pathogens

​Co-chair: Shin Okazaki, Tokyo University A&T, Japan 
Co-chair: Catherine Masson-Boivin, INRA Toulouse France 

  • ​​​Rhizobial type III secretion system controls host-dependent nodulation on soybean​. S. OKAZAKI. Tokyo University, AT&T, Japan
  • Rewiring a plant pathogen into a legume symbiont by lab-evolution​. C. MASSON-BOIVIN, INRA, Toulouse France
  • Plant and microbial proteins contributing to beneficial and detrimental root colonisation by filamentous microbes. S. SCHORNACK, Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
  • Metabolic consequences of the introduction of a Populus trichocarpa lectin receptor-like kinase into Arabidopsis thaliana, a non-ectomycorrhizal host species. T. TSCHAPLINSKI,  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S.A.
  • The plant microbiome at the intersection of metabolism and defense​. C. HANEY, University of British Columbia, Canada
  • Aboveground activation of defense leads to recruitment of bacteria into the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana. R. BERENDSEN, Utrecht University, Netherlands​

Concurrent Session 10: Microbiome and Phytobiome I

​Co-chair: Sarah Lebeis, University of Tennessee, USA 
Co-chair: Davide Bulgarelli, University of Dundee, UK 
  • ​Mighty duckweeds: growth promoting microbes associated with an aquatic plant. S. LEBEIS, Univesity of Tennessee, USA
  • Tracing the domestication route of the barley rhizosphere microbiota. D. BULGARELLI, University of Dundee, UK
  • Adaptation of transmissible bacterial communities to multiple hosts: how the sap-feeding insect Scaphoideus titanus ships bacterial symbionts across grapevine plants. S. LOPEZ-FERNANDEZ, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy
  • Changes in phyllosphere microbiome - The dynamics of leaf city. S. KROLL, MPI Plant Breeding, Germany
  • Sorghum microbiome discovery and characterization in nitrogen-limited soil for improved biomass production​. D. CHINIQUY, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 13: Symbiosis and Mutualism II

​Co-chair: Joel Griffitts, Brigham Young University, USA 
Co-chair: Alga Zuccaro, Max Planck Inst, Marburg, Germany 

  • How rhizobial accessory plasmids impact symbiotic negotiations. J. GRIFFITTS, Brigham Young University, USA
  • ​Insights into Symbiotic Plant-Fungal Communication using Innovative Imaging Approaches. R. ROTH, Cambridge University, UK
  • ​In situ metabolic profiling of symbiotic soybean-rhizobia interactions by laser ablation -electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS). B. AGTUCA, University of Missouri, U.S.A.
  • Regulation of arbuscule degeneration during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis​. M. HARRISON, Cornell University, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 16: Tritrophic Interactions and Biocontrol

​Co-chair: Clare Casteel, University of California Davis, U.S.A.
Co-chair: Christoph Keel, University of Lausanne, Switzerland

  • A viral protease relocalizes in the presence of the vector to promote vector performance. C. CASTEEL, University of California Davis, U.S.A.
  • Cucumber mosaic virus has plant species-specific effects on host-vector interactions. T. TUNGADI, Cambridge University, UK
  • ​​Leaf transcriptomics reveals differing responses of Arabidopsis to colonization by ubiquitous phyllosphere colonizers with potential implications for plant health upon pathogen encounter​. C. VOGEL, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
  • Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid controls common scab of potato through transcriptomic changes in Streptomyces scabies. M. FILION​, Université de Moncton, Canada
  • Cell envelope-associated components contribute to pathogenicity towards pest insects and competitiveness of root-colonizing pseudomonads with biocontrol activities.​ C. KEEL, University of Lausanne, Switzerland​

Concurrent Session 19: Microbiome and Phytobiome II

Co-chair: Angela Sessitsch, Austrian Inst Technol, Vienna, Austria 
Co-chair: Carolyn Young, Noble Foundation, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 

  • ​​​Tissue specificity of plant microbiomes and the role of seed-associated microbiota. A. SESSITSCH, Austrian Inst Technol, Vienna, Austria
  • Understanding the spatial-temporal dynamics of a root rot disease: a bird’s-eye view to molecular techniques. C. YOUNG, Noble Foundation, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 
  • Succession of endophytic bacteria in the mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna)​. C. GIVEN, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
  • The Powdery Mildew Survey – a citizen science scheme for increasing the efficiency of identification of a harmful, fungal plant disease​. O. ELLINGHAM, University of Reading, UK
  • Drought and Host Selection in the Grass Root Microbiome. D. COLEMAN-DERR, USDA-ARS, Albany, USA

Concurrent Session 22: Inter-kingdom Signaling

​Co-chair: Vittorio Venturi, ICGEB Trieste, Italy
Co-chair: Barbara Valent, Kansas State University, U.S.A.

  • Studies on inter-species and inter-kingdom signaling in plant-associated bacteria. V. VENTURI, ICGEB Trieste, Italy
  • Symplastic effector protein trafficking during biotrophic invasion of rice cells by the blast fungus. B. VALENT, Kansas State University, U.S.A. 
  • Co-option of bacterial quorum sensing for interkingdom signaling​. B. GONCALVES COUTINHO, University of Washington, U.S.A.
  • A gacA- mutant of Pseudomonas syringae hyper-responds to type III secretion-inducing plant signals yet is less virulent. M. O'MALLEY, Oregon State University, U.S.A.
  • Interkingdom chemical crosstalk across the plant-microbe interface during Rice Blast​. N. NAQVI, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore

Stream II: Microbes

Concurrent Session 2: Genomes, Genomics, and Epigenomics

​Co-chair: Valerie Geffroy, University of Paris-Sud France
Co-chair: Bart Thomma, Wageningen University, The Netherlands

  • ​​Unusual features of NB-LRR sequences in common bean genome. V. GEFFROY, University of Paris-Sud France
  • Regulating fungal pathogenesis through chromatin modifications. D. COOK, Wageningen University, Netherlands
  • Genome anchoring and mutational genomics to find Avr genes in flax and wheat stem rust fungi​. P. DODDS, CSIRO Plant Industry, Australia​
  • Comparative & Evolutionary Genomics of the Pseudomonas syringae Species Complex D. GUTTMAN, University of Toronto, Canada
  • ​Different waves of effector genes with contrasted genomic location are expressed by Leptosphaeria maculans during cotyledon and stem colonisation of oilseed rape J. GERVAIS, INRA, Versailles, France
  • Variation in genome size and ploidy levels in plant pathogenic oomycetes, particularly the downy mildews​. L. BERTIER, University of California, Davis, U.S.A.
Concurrent Session 5: Microbial Manipulation of Host I

Co-chair: Thomas Baum, Iowa State University, U.S.A. 
Co-chair: Lindsay Triplett, Connecticut Ag Exp Station, U.S.A. 

  • ​Mechanisms of Host Manipulations by Heterodera Cyst Nematodes. T. BAUM, Iowa State University, USA
  • Microbial manipulation of host primary metabolism using a type III secreted effector. L. TRIPLETT, Connecticut Ag Exp Station, U.S.A. 
  • Delivery of Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1b in planta requires PI3P-binding, but does not require N-terminal cleavage. B. TYLER, Oregon State University, U.S.A.
  • A Land Plant-specific Transcription Factor Directly Enhances DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase II Transcribing A Pathogenic Noncoding RNA Template. Y. WANG, Ohio State University, U.S.A.
  • Mimicry of The Plant Hormone PSY1 by A Sulfated Bacterial Peptide, RaxX. A. JOE, University of California, Davis, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 8: Host-Microbe Co-evolution

Co-chair: Laura Rose, Univ Dusseldorf, Germany 
Co-chair: Suomeng Dong, Nanjing Ag Univ, China

  • ​The interplay of pathogens, microRNAs, and regulation of resistance gene transcript abundance in tomatoes. L. ROSE, Univ Dusseldorf, Germany 
  • Effector evolution during arm race between Soybean and Phytophthora. S. DONG, Nanjing Ag Univ, China
  • Sequence reversion in the distal element of Potato leafroll virus coat protein gene stop codon indicates a strong bias toward the stem loop structure to allow efficient read-through. Y. XU, Cornell University, U.s.a.
  • Code-cracking TAL effector function and evolution in the rice-Xanthomonas oryzae system. A. PEREZ-QUINTERO, UMR IPME, IRD-CIRAD-Université Montpellier, France​
  • Sequential expression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenicity factors during infection of Brassica napus as revealed by RNA-Seq analysis. S. SEIFBARGHI, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
  • Natural variation in the Arabidopsis AGO2 gene alters antiviral activity​. P. MOFFETT, Sherbrooke University, Canada
​Concurrent Session 11: Cell Biology of Microbe Host Interactions

Co-chair: Antje Heese, University of Missouri U.S.A.
​Co-chair: Chris Staiger, Purdue University, U.S.A.
  • ​Navigating the cellular seas - Roles of vesicular trafficking in plant immunity against bacterial infection. A. HESSE, University of Missouri, U.S.A.
  • Actin dynamics contribute to the innate immune response of Arabidopsis​. C. STAIGER, Purdue University, U.S.A.
  • A Pseudomonas syringae type III effector uses calmodulin as co-factor to target the microtubule network. M. GUO, University of Nebraska, U.S.A.
  • RIP proteins of barley interact with the susceptibility factor RACB and distinctively localize in epidermal cells. C. McCOLLUM, Technische Universität München, Germany
  • The IRE1/bZIP60 pathway are activated by potexvirus and potyvirus small membrane binding proteins and suppress virus infection. J. VERCHOT,  Oklahoma State University, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 14: RNA-mediated Interactions

Co-chair: Richard Michelmore, University of California Davis, USA
Co-chair: Elizabeth Fontes, University Federal de Vicosa, Brazil
  • Inverse modulation of the NIK-mediated antiviral signaling and antibacterial immunity in plants by RNA effectors. E. FONTES​, University Federal de Vicosa, Brazil
  • Plant miRNAs and their role in suppressing NB-LRR targets via the production of secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs). Q.FEI, Danforth Center
  • Functional analysis of barley powdery mildew effector candidates and identification of their barley targets. A. AHMAD, University of California, Davis, U.S.A.
  • Bidirectional sRNA-trafficking and RNA-based plant protection against Botrytis cinerea and other pathogens that utilize small RNA effectors. M. WANG,  University of California, Riverside, U.S.A.
  • ​Triticum mosaic virus contains a unique translation element within its 5’ untranslated region. R. ROBERTS, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A. 

Concurrent Session 17: Microbial Manipulation of the Host II

​Co-chair: Yi Li, Peking Univ, China
Co-chair: Wenbo Ma, University of California Riverside, USA

  • Small RNAs mediated host antiviral defense in rice.​ Y. LI, Peking University, China
  • Phytophthora effectors with RNA silencing suppression activity. W. MA, University of California Riverside, USA
  • Role of Rhg1-encoded α-SNAPs in Rhg1-Mediated Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode. A. BAYLESS, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A.    
  • Mechanisms of Bacterial Suppression of AGO1-RISC Activity and of Host Counter-counter Defense. L. NAVARRO (EMBO Young Investigator Awardee), IBENS-CNRS, Paris, France
  • ​RXLR effector PexRD54 couples host cellular transport components to autophagic compartments to stimulate autophagosome biogenesis and haustorial transport. T. BOZKURT, Imperial College London, UK

Concurrent Session 20: Apoplastic Interactions

Co-chair: Vivianne Vleeshouwers, Wageningen Univ, Netherlands
​​Co-chair: Thorsten Nuernberger, Univ Tubingen, Germany
 
  • Effector-driven breeding for apoplastic immunity to Phytophthora infestans in potato.​ V. VLEESHOUWERS, Wageningen Univ, Netherlands
  • Identification and characterization of two novel plant immune receptors, RLP23 and RLP32 and engineering immunity in crops. T. NUERNBERGER, Univ Tubingen, Germany
  • ​Finally: A Biochemical Function for the pathogenesis–related protein 1. J. GAMIR, University of Fribourg, Germany
  • Apoplastic Venom Allergen-like Proteins of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Modulate the Activation of Plant Innate Immunity by Cell Surface Receptors. J. LOZANO-TORRES, Wageningen University, Netherlands
  • The repetitive Ustilago maydis effector Rsp3 shields hyphae and blocks the anti-fungal activity of a secreted maize protein. L. MA, MPI Terrestrial Microbiology, Germany

Concurrent Session 23: Population Genomics

Co-chair: Boris Vinatzer, Virginia Tech, U.S.A.
Co-chair: Erica Goss, University of Florida, U.S.A.

  • ​Population Genomics Insights into Pseudomonas syringae Disease Emergence and Pathogen Dissemination. B. VINATZER, Virginia Tech, U.S.A.
  • Interspecific homologous recombination generates genomic and phenotypic diversity in Florida populations of Xanthomonas perforans. E. GOSS, University of Florida, U.S.A.
  • Using population genomics to understand NLR diversity in wild tomato. R. STAM, Technische Universität München, Germany
  • Elucidating mechanisms of Phytophthora pathogen emergence in the genomics era. N. GRUNWALD, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.
  • Pathogenomic analysis of South African stripe rust populations. H. VAN SCHALKWYK, University of the Free State, South Africa
​

Stream III: Host

Concurrent Session 3: Translational Research; Developing World Needs

Co-chair: Valerie Williamson, University of California Davis, U.S.A.
Co-chair: Ricardo Oliva, Intl Rice Res Inst, Phillipines

  • Exploiting bacterial genomics to develop tools for effective pathogen monitoring in rice.  R. OLIVA, Intl Rice Res Inst, Phillipines​
  • Effectoromics as a tool for better management of soybean root/stem rot. J. MCDOWELL, Virginia Tech, U.S.A.
  • High-throughput assay for small molecules targeting the Type I efflux pump of Xylella fastidiosa. D. GABRIEL, University of Florida, U.S.A.
  • TILLING for effective powdery mildew resistance: A non-transgenic approach aimed at the generation of hexaploid wheat mlo mutants. R. PANSTRUGA, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
  • Expanding the recognition specificity of NB-LRR proteins to confer disease resistance to the Soybean Mosaic Virus. M. HELM, Indiana University, U.S.A.
  • Dissecting the disease triangle of plant pathology. R. BART, Danforth Center, Missouri, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 6: Systems Biology and Modeling

Co-chair: Katherine Denby, Univ Warwick, UK
Co-chair: Dan Kliebenstein, University of California Davis, U.S.A.

  • Elucidating and re-designing regulatory networks underlying plant defence. K. DENBY. Univ Warwick, UK
  • How lineage selection and domestication in eudicot plants structures virulence and genomic variation in the fungus, Botrytis cinerea, and vice versa. D. KLIEBENSTEIN, University of California Davis, U.S.A.
  • Cell surface receptors networks control plant development and defenses. E. SMAKOWSKA, Gregor Mendel Institute, Austria
  • Integration of resistance QTL, expression QTL and co-expression modules reveals molecular responses of maize to the fungal pathogen Cercospora zeina. D. BERGER, University of Pretoria, South Africa
  • Integrating host-pathogen signaling networks during barley-powdery mildew interactions. J. ELMORE, Iowa State University, U.S.A.

​Concurrent Session 9: Recognition in Plant Immunity I

Co-chair: Mark Banfield, John Innes Centre, UK 
Co-chair: Jianmin Zhou, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

  • An integrated domain in a rice NLR confers specificity for pathogen effector recognition.​ M. BANFIELD, John Innes Centre, UK
  • Regulation of immunity by heterotrimeric G proteins. X. LIANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
  • Receptor-like Protein Required for CSP22 Responsiveness (NbCSPR) underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. I. SAUR, MPI Plant Breeding, Germany
  • Two redundant plant TRAF proteins participate in NLR immune receptor turnover. S. HUANG, University of Bristish Columbia, Canada
  • The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase BIR3 has a dual function in the negative regulation of BAK1 receptor complex formation and stabilization of BAK1. S. SCHULZE, University of Tubingen, Germany
  • ​Understanding and engineering immune receptor complexes in plants. Z. DUXBURY, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK

Concurrent Session 12: Plant Hormones and Regulators in Symbiosis and Defense

Co-chair: Mary Wildermuth, University of California Berkeley, U.S.A.
Co-chair: Tina Kyndt, University of Ghent, Belgium
​​
  • Salicylic acid at the forefront: Synthesis, manipulation, and hormone interplay to balance growth vs. defense​. M. WILDERMUTH, University of California Berkeley, U.S.A.​
  • Ascorbate oxidation level determines the hormone balance during the interaction between parasitic root-knot nematodes and rice. T. KYNDT,  University of Ghent, Belgium
  • Fusarium graminearum is able to detoxify cereal defense compounds (tryptamine-derived hydroxycinnamic acid amides) and to convert the released tryptamine into auxin​. G. ADAM, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
  • Colorful Signaling: Resolving cellular salicylic acid and jasmonate/ethylene responses during Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis-Arabidopsis thaliana interactions. S. LAUKAMM, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
  • Regulon-guided discovery of defensive secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis. B. BARCO, Yale University, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 15: Signal Transduction for Systemic Defense (sponsored by Rijk Zwaan)RZ-logo-3col-hr-100_sm.jpg

Co-chair: Corina Vlot, Hemholtz Z Munich, Germany 
​Co-chair: Steven Spoel, University of Edinburgh, UK​​

  • Putative sugar-binding proteins additively promote systemic acquired resistance in parallel with salicylic acid. C. VLOT, Hemholtz Z Munich, Germany 
  • Stress induces the accumulation of beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) in plants. I. BACCELLI, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
  • Regulatory DNA elements in the primed systemic immunity of Arabidopsis thaliana. E. REIMER-MICHALSKI, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
  • Underground AZA priming against pathogens. S. ROYCHOUDRY, University of Chicago, U.S.A.
  • ​Processive ubiquitination controls NPR1 coactivator activity in plant immunity. S. SPOEL, University of Edinburgh, UK​

​Concurrent Session 18: Cell Wall-Mediated Resistance

Co-chair: Giulia De Lorenzo, Univ Rome, Italy
Co-chair: Georg Jander, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Research, U.S.A.

  • Dampening a DAMP: a specific oxidase regulates homeostasis of oligogalacturonides and growth in Arabidopsis.​ G. DeLORENZO, Univ Rome, Italy
  • Proteins and small molecules in aphid saliva influence interactions with host plants.G. JANDER, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Research, U.S.A.
  • Cell-wall-based regulation of stomatal defense in Arabidopsis. L. ZHANG, Michigan State University, U.S.A.
  • The wheat Stb6 gene controlling a gene-for-gene resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici encodes a wall-associated kinase like protein. K. KANYUKA, Rothamsted Research Institute, UK
  • UDP-D-Glucuronate 4-Epimerases 1 (GAE1) and GAE6 are Critical for Pectin Abundance and Immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. G. BETHKE, University of Minnesota, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 21: Emerging Systems

Co-chair: Godelieve Gheysen, Ghent Univ, Belgium 
Co-chair: James Westwood, Virginia Tech, USA

  • Nematode infection of rice: interactions with the plant host and with other pathogens.​ G. GHEYSEN, Ghent Univ, Belgium
  • Using the lens of molecular plant-microbe interactions to uncover the pathways of plant parasitization by the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca (broomrape). C. CLARKE, Virginia Tech, U.S.A.
  • Defending plants against the World’s most pesticide-resistant insect, Myzus persicae: A role for calcium. T. VINCENT, John Innes Centre, UK
  • Identification of NB-LRR mediated nonhost resistance to wheat stripe rust in Brachypodium distachyon. J. BETTGENHAEUSER, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
  • ​A new model for virulence in the emerging Gram-positive phytopathogen, Rhodococcus fascians. E. SAVORY, Oregon State University, U.S.A.

Concurrent Session 24: Recognition in Plant Immunity II

Co-chair: Aska Goverse, Univ Wageningen, Netherlands
Co-chair: Dingzhong Tang, CAS Beijing, China

  • Molecular and cellular dynamics involved in effector recognition by the nematode immune receptor GPA2 . A. GOVERSE, Univ Wageningen, Netherlands
  • The role of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein in plant immunity. D. TANG, CAS Beijing, China
  • Structural studies of signalling domains from plant NLRs. S. WILLIAMS, University of Queensland, Australia
  • The NOI/RIN4 integrated domain of the rice NLR Pii-2 binds to OsExo70-F3, an accessory protein required for Pii-dependent resistance. K. FUJISAKI, Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Japan
  • Mystery solved: How the atypical pair Mi-1.2 and SERK1 regulate aphid resistance? I. KALOSHIAN, University of California, Riverside, U.S.A.